•Regionalism is a relatively new aspect of Asia’s rise. Asia’s economies are increasingly connected through trade, financial transactions, direct investment, technology, labor and tourist flows, and other economic relationships.
• Asian economies are principally connected through markets but where markets lead, governments are following.
•Asian leaders have committed to work together more closely and have already taken concrete steps in some areas.
ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Brunei Darussalam joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984, followed by Viet Nam on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999, making up what is today the ten Member States of ASEAN.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political organization of eight countries in South Asia. It was established in 1985 when the Heads of State of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka formally adopted the charter. Afghanistan joined as the 8th member of SAARC in 2007. To date, 18th Summits have been held and Nepal’s former Foreign Secretary is the current Secretary General of SAARC. The 19th Summit will be hosted by Pakistan in 2016.
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
APEC's 21 members aim to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative and secure growth and by accelerating regional economic integration.
• APEC ensures that goods, services, investment and people move easily across borders. Members facilitate this trade through faster customs procedures at borders; more favorable business climates behind the border; and aligning regulations and standards across the region. For example, APEC's initiatives to synchronize regulatory systems is a key step to integrating the Asia-Pacific economy. A product can be more easily exported with just one set of common standards across all economies.
OTHER ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IN ASIA ARE:
▪ Asia investment infrastructure bank
▪ Asian development bank
▪ South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation
▪ Arabmaghre union(UMA)
▪ Ara monetary fund
▪ Cooperation Council for Arab States
Gulf
▪ Islamic development bank
▪ League of Arab states(Arab league)
How can regionalism benefit Asia?
✓ link the competitive strengths of its diverse economies in order to boost their productivity and sustain the region’s exceptional growth;
✓ connect the region’s capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce the cost of capital, and improve opportunities for sharing risks;
✓ cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies in order to minimize the effects of global and regional shocks and to facilitate the resolution of global imbalances;
✓ pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to make more resources available for investment and development;
✓ exercise leadership in global decision making to sustain the open global trade and financial systems that have supported a half century of unparalleled economic development;
✓ build connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive development to reduce inequalities within and across economies and thus to strengthen support for pro-growth policies; and
✓ create regional mechanisms to manage
Globalization and Media
▪ Globalization
a set of multiple, uneven and sometimes overlapping historical processes, including economics, politics, and culture, that have combined with the evolution of media technology to create the conditions under which the globe itself can now be understood as “an imagined community”.
▪ The two concepts have been partners throughout the whole of human history.
▪ “Globalization and media have created the conditions through which many people can now imagine themselves as part of one world.”
Evolution of Media and Globalization
▪ To understand further the study of globalization and media, it is important to appreciate five periods of the evolution of media and globalization.
1. Oral Communication
▪ Language allowed human to cooperate.
▪ It allowed sharing of information.
▪ Language became the most important tool
as human being explored the world and
experience different cultures.
▪ It helped them move and settle down.
▪ It led to markets, trade and cross-
continental trade.
2. Script
▪ Language was important but imperfect, distance became a strain for oral communication.
▪ Script allowed human to communicate over a larger space and much longer times.
▪ It allowed for the written and permanent codification of economic, cultural, religious, and political practice.
3. The Printing Press
▪ It started the“information revolution”.
▪ It transformed social institutions such as
schools, churches, governments and more.
4.Electronic Media
▪ The vast reach of these media continues to open up new vistas in the economic, political, and cultural processes of globalization.
▪ Radio- quickly became a global medium, reaching distant regions.
▪ Television- considered as the most powerful and pervasive mass medium. It brought together the visual and aural power of the film with the accessibility of radio.
5. Digital Media
▪ Digital Media are often electronic media that rely on digital code.
▪ Many of our earlier media such as phones and tvs are now considered digital media.
▪ In the realm of politic computer allowed citizens to access information from around the world.
▪ Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979)
surveyed the influences of the printing press.
1. It changed the nature of knowledge.
It preserved and standardized
knowledge.
2. It encouraged the challenge of
political and religious authority because of its ability to
circulate competing views.
A WORLD OF IDEAS GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
cross-border health, safety, environmental issues better.
How can Asian regionalism benefit the world?
✓ generate productivity gains, new ideas, and competition that boost economic growth and raise incomes across the world;
✓ contribute to the efficiency and stability of global financial markets by making Asian capital markets stronger and safer, and by maximizing the productive use of Asian savings;
✓ diversify sources of global demand, helping to stabilize the world economy and diminish the risks posed by global imbalances and downturns in other major economies;
✓ provide leadership to help sustain open global trade and financial systems; and
✓ create regional mechanisms to manage health, safety, and environmental issues better, and thus contribute to more effective global solutions of these problems
“Is it possible for globalization to occur without media?”
Global Imaginary and Global Village
▪ Media have linked the globe with stories, images, myths and metaphors.
▪ Global Imaginary- the globe itself as imagined community.
▪ Global village
✓ Marshall McLuhan
✓ Media have connected the world in ways that create a global village.
✓ As McLuhan predicted media and globalization have connected the world. However, the “global village have brought no collective harmony or peace.
(Media and Economic Globalization)
▪ Media fosters the conditions for global capitalism.
▪ “Economic and cultural globalization would be impossible without a global commercial media system to promote global markets and to encourage consumer values” – Robert Mc Chesney
Media and Political Globalization
▪ Though media corporations are themselves powerful political actors, individuals journalists are subject to intimidations as more actors contend for power.
▪ In the age of political globalization: government shape and manipulate the news. Is this also true for Philippines?
Media and Cultural Globalization
▪ Globalization will bring about and increasing
blending or mixture of cultures. What is the role of media in the blending or mixture of culture?
Popular Music and Globalization
▪ Technologies of transport, of information and mediation, including social media platforms, have made possible the circulation of cultural commodities such as music.
▪ Circulation of cultural commodities are consumed to gain cultural capital and social status.
▪ Goods and commodities became a catalyst that set globalization.
RELIGION AND GLOBALIZATION
Beyond the Secularization Debate
▪ There is a discontinuity between research agendas that focus on secularization and globalization.
▪ Social scientists have debated the scope,
nature, extent and parameters of secularization in an effort to unveil the overall patterns and/or trajectories of the modern world.
▪ Initially secularization had a strong following but eventually it was superseded by re- evaluation.
▪ Secularization is understood as a shift in the
overall frameworks of human condition; it makes it possible for people to have a choice between belief and non-belief in a manner hitherto unknown.
Transnational Religion and Multiple Globalization
▪ Migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature of the worlds throughout the 20th century.
▪ Transnational religion emerged through the post-World War II.
▪ Two distinct blends of religious universalism and local particularism.
❖ It is possible for religious universalism to gain the upper hand, whereby religion becomes the central reference for immigrants. Religion trans nationalism= “religion going global”.
❖ It is possible for local ethnic or national particularism to gain or maintain the most important place for local immigrant communities.
Religion in Global Conflict
▪ Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites relate to deep issues of existence, it should not be surprising when religion enters the picture in times of crisis.
▪ The ere of globalization brought with it 3 enormous problems, namely:
1. Identity
2. Accountability
3. Security
▪ Religion provides answer to these problems
1. It provides a sense of identity
2. Traditional religious leadership provides a sense of accountability.
3. Religion offers a sense of security.
Film to be watched: THE RISE OF ISIS
GLOBAL CITIES
Introduction
(Global in the local)
• Globalization’s main physical and
geographic embodiment
• Global flows of people, goods, resources, ideas.
• Embodies both the good and bad effects of globalization
(Cosmopolitanism)
• Diversity of people, goods, ideas, and cultures
• Capitalist context points to a cosmopolitan commercial consumption
• Consumption is costly in resources
(Perpetuation in the Internet Age)
• Networks and groups rely on geographic proximity
(Downsides)
• High costs, alienation, impersonality,
social isolation
• Discrimination against migrants of certain kinds
(Key issues)
• Diversity and community
• Mobility and community
Defining the Global City
New global cities have financial centers but also a producers of services that are global in scope.
Global cities are post-industrial
• Manufacturing has been scattered across national and global networks
• Turn from “landscapes of production” to “landscapes of consumption”
▪ Sassen(2005) introduces global cities as global ‘’command centers’’ of the world economy
• Global financial centers
• Cultural and trendsetting powerhouses
• Higher education hubs
• Creative Industries
Nature of activities generates a specific labor demand:
• A professional
class of knowledge workers
• Highly mobile, career minded not necessarily elites
• A professional class of knowledge workers
• Highly mobile, career minded not necessarily elites
• Drives “gentrification” of cities but also polarization
• Highly paid professional class vs providers of low paid services
• Polarization of housing markets
• Mitigated by state action in certain areas
▪ Global cities are “brain hubs” and centers of a “knowledge economy”
Mori Foundation Global City Power Index (2015)
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